Two-component artificial disc replacements

ABSTRACT

Artificial disc replacements (ADRs) and total disc replacements (TDRs) are based upon two, directly articulating components, resulting in a restricted-motion system that better approximates more normal spinal flexion, extension, and lateral bending. One component may have a concave articulating surface, and the other a convex articulating surface. The radius of curvature of the articulating surface may be smaller in the anterior-to-posterior direction of the ADR than the radius of curvature of the articulating surface in the left-to-right direction of the ADR. Both components are preferably made of a hard material and are highly polished to reduce friction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/421,304, filed Apr. 23, 2003, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/374,747, filed Apr. 23, 2002; and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/413,028 (“the '028 Application”), filed Apr. 14, 2003 and now abandoned, which was originally published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0024462 and corrected as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0027548, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/372,520, filed Apr. 12, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/449,642, filed Feb. 24, 2003. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/789,925, filed May 28, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/194,786, filed Aug. 1, 2005 and now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/413,028, filed Apr. 14, 2003 and now abandoned, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/372,520, filed Apr. 12, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/449,642, filed Feb. 24, 2003. Of the aforementioned applications, each of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/789,925, 11/194,786, 10/421,304, 10/413,028, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/374,747, and 60/372,520 are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to artificial disc replacements (ADRs) and total disc replacements (TDRs) and, more particularly, directly articulating replacements based on two components.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, can be treated by spinal fusion or artificial disc replacement (ADR). ADR has several advantages over spinal fusion. The most important advantage of ADR is the preservation of spinal motion. Spinal fusion eliminates motion across the fused segments of the spine. Consequently, the discs adjacent to the fused level are subjected to increased stress. The increased stress increases the changes of future surgery to treat the degeneration of the discs adjacent to the fusion. However, motion through an ADR also allows motion through the facet joints. Motion across arthritic facet joints could lead to pain following ADR. Some surgeons believe patients with degenerative disease and arthritis of the facet joints are not candidates for ADR.

Current ADR designs do not attempt to limit the pressure across the facet joints or facet joint motion. Indeed, prior art ADR generally do not restrict motion. For example, some ADR designs place bags of hydrogel into the disc space. Hydrogel bags do not limit motion in any direction. In fact, bags filled with hydrogels may not provide distraction across the disc space. ADR designs with metal plates and polyethylene spacers may restrict translation but they do not limit the other motions mentioned above. The articular surface of the poly spacer is generally convex in all directions. Some ADR designs limit motion translation by attaching the ADR halves at a hinge.

FIG. 1A is a lateral view of a prior-art artificial disc replacement (ADR) 30. FIG. 1B is an anterior view of the prior-art ADR 30. FIG. 1C is a drawing which shows the prior-art ADR 30 in flexion, and FIG. 1D is a drawing which shows the ADR device 30 in extension. Note that, due to impingement, left bending as permitted by the typical prior-art device, increases pressure on the left facet, whereas right bending increases pressure on the right facet. Rotation increases pressure on the right facet and the left facet, and vice versa.

The alignment of one Artificial Disc Replacement (ADR) endplate (EP) relative to the other ADR EP is critical to the function of articulating ADRs. Many ADRs rely on movement between a convexity on one ADR EP and a concavity on the other ADR EP. Alternatively, convex spacers are used between concavities on the ADR EPs. Improperly aligned ADR EPs risk excessive surface wear from incongruent opposing articulating surfaces. Furthermore, improper alignment will decrease ADR motion.

The endplates of prior art ADRs are inserted simultaneously to assure proper alignment. Most ADRs are held in the disc space by the fit of projections from the ADR EP into the vertebra above and below the ADR. Inserting ADR EPs simultaneously limits the length of these projections, however.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to artificial disc replacements (ADRs) and total disc replacements (TDRs) based upon two, directly articulating components. The result is a restricted motion ADR that better approximates more normal spinal flexion, extension, and lateral bending. In particular, the preferred embodiments should allow at least 10 degrees of movement in the flexion-to-extension direction, and at least 5 degrees of movement in the lateral bending direction.

The preferred embodiment has two components, one with a concave articulating surface, and the other with a convex articulating surface. The radius of curvature of the articulating surface is smaller in the anterior to posterior direction of the ADR than radius of curvature of the articulating surface in the left to right direction of the ADR. The use of an articulating surface with two or more radius of curvature also limits axial rotation, thereby protecting the facet joints and the Annulus Fibrosus (AF). The two different radii used to create the articulating surfaces also naturally leads to an oval shape as seen from the top, which fits the oval shape of the vertebral endplate better than circularly shaped ADRs.

Both components are preferably made of a hard material and are highly polished to reduce friction. For example, either or both components could be made of chrome cobalt, titanium, or other suitable alloys, or a ceramic including alumina, zirconia, calcium phosphate, or other suitable material. The vertebra-contacting surfaces of the ADR may have projections such as keels that penetrate the vertebral endplates, as shown in the Figure. The vertebral surfaces of the components may be treated to promote bone ingrowth. For example, the vertebral surfaces of the components may have plasma spray or beads. Alternatively, one or both components may be cemented directly to the vertebrae, in which case one of the components could be made of polyethylene or other “softer” load-bearing material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a lateral view of a prior art artificial disc replacement (ADR);

FIG. 1B is an anterior view of the prior art ADR shown in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C show the prior art ADR of FIG. 1A in flexion;

FIG. 1D shows the prior art ADR of FIG. 1A in extension;

FIG. 2A is a sagittal cross section of the spine and an ADR inserted between two vertebrae of the spine, in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2B is a coronal cross section of the spine and the ADR of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is a top view of the ADR of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A shows an ADR, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3B shows the ADR of FIG. 3A in flexion;

FIG. 3C shows the ADR of FIG. 3A in extension;

FIG. 3D is an anterior view of the ADR of FIG. 3A attached to adjacent vertebrae;

FIG. 3E shows a drawing of the embodiment of FIG. 3A illustrating how lateral bending is limited by contact on the left when bending is to the left, and on the right when bending is to the right;

FIG. 3F shows a lateral view of the restricted motion ADR shown in FIG. 3E;

FIG. 4 shows an ADR in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 shows an ADR in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows an ADR having attachment flanges, in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7A is a side-view drawing of an ADR, in accordance with a further alternative embodiment according to the invention;

FIG. 7B shows the ADR of FIG. 7A in flexion;

FIG. 8 is a side-view drawing showing an ADR having an anterior check rein to prevent extension, in accordance with still further preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 9 shows an ADR having cross-coupled check reins, in accordance with other preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 10 shows an ADR having an anterior flange configured to inhibit extension, in accordance with yet further preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 11A is a drawing which shows an ADR, in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11B is a drawing which shows the device of FIG. 11A in flexion;

FIG. 11C is a drawing which shows the device of FIG. 11A in extension;

FIG. 11D shows a side view of the ADR of FIG. 11A being held in place using screws;

FIG. 11E shows a posterior view of the ADR of FIG. 11D;

FIG. 12 is a side-view drawing of a disc space between two vertebrae;

FIG. 13 shows an ADR, in accordance with still further preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 14 shows an ADR, in accordance with yet further preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 15A shows a top plan view of the ADR of FIG. 13 positioned between vertebrae;

FIG. 15B shows another top plan view of the ADR of FIG. 13 positioned between vertebrae;

FIG. 16 shows a removable alignment guide used for placement of an ADR, in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a patient on an operating table, showing the alignment guide being coupled with an ADR for inserting the ADR into the patient;

FIG. 18A shows an ADR, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18B shows an ADR, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18C shows an ADR, in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 19A-19I show a method of inserting an ADR, in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 20 is an anterior view of the ADR of FIG. 19I installed between opposing vertebrae;

FIG. 21 shows an ADR, in accordance with still further preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 22 is a drawing which shows an inventive cutting guide having a curved end to prevent a saw from cutting into the nerves, in accordance with yet further preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 23A is a side-view of an ADR having a hinged axle, in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 23B is an end view of the ADR of FIG. 23A shown without flexion/extension blocks to better illustrate the hinged axle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention limits both facet joint pressure and facet joint motion. Broadly, the pressure on the facet joints is lowered from the preoperative pressure by distracting the disc space. The present invention also reduces the facet joint pressure by eliminating or significantly reducing motion across the ADR that increase the pressure on the facet joints. Specifically, ADR design in accordance with the various embodiments restricts spinal extension, rotation, translation, and lateral bending. Forward flexion is not restricted as forward flexion decreases the pressure on the facet joints.

FIG. 3A is a simplified drawing of a restricted motion artificial disc replacement (ADR) 40 constructed in accordance with this invention. FIG. 2A is a sagittal cross section of the spine 42 and an ADR 44 related to that shown in FIG. 3A. FIG. 2B is a coronal cross section of the spine 42 and the ADR 44 of FIG. 2A. This embodiment has two components 46, 48 one with a concave articulating surface 50, and the other with a convex articulating surface 52. The radius of curvature of the articulating surfaces 50, 52 is smaller in the anterior to posterior direction of the ADR (FIG. 2A) than radius of curvature of the articulating surfaces 50, 52 in the left to right direction of the ADR (FIG. 2B). This design approximates more normal spinal flexion, extension, and lateral bending. That is, the ADR should allows at least 10 degrees of movement in the flexion-to-extension direction, and at least 5 degrees of movement in the lateral bending direction. The use of an articulating surface with two or more radius of curvature limits axial rotation. Limiting axial rotation protects the facet joints and the Annulus Fibrosus (AF).

FIG. 2D is a top view of the ADR 44. The preferred oval shape is caused by the two different radii that create the articulating surfaces. The oval also fits the oval shape of the vertebral endplate better than circularly shaped ADRs. Both components are preferably made of a hard material and are highly polished to reduce friction. For example, either or both components could be made of chrome cobalt, titanium, or other suitable alloys, or a ceramic including alumina, zirconia, calcium phosphate, or other suitable material. The vertebra-contacting surfaces of the ADR may have projections 54 such as keels that penetrate the vertebral endplates, as shown in FIG. 2A. Referring to FIG. 2B, the vertebral surfaces 56, 58 of the respective components 46, 48 may be treated to promote bone ingrowth. For example, the vertebral surfaces of the components may have plasma spray or beads. Alternatively, one or both components may be cemented directly to the vertebrae, in which case one of the components could be made of polyethylene or other “softer” load-bearing material.

FIG. 3B is a drawing of the ADR device 40 of FIG. 3A in flexion, illustrating the way in which gaps 60 are created in the posterior of the vertebrae 62 and the facet joint 64. FIG. 3C is a drawing of the ADR device 40 of FIG. 3A in extension, showing how posterior contact is limited. FIG. 3D is an anterior view of the ADR 40 of FIG. 3A attached to adjacent vertebrae 62A, 62B. FIG. 3E is a drawing of the ADR 40 of FIG. 3E illustrating how lateral bending is limited by contact on the left when bending is to the left, and on the right when bending is to the right. FIG. 3F is a lateral view of the restricted motion ADR 40 according to the invention, illustrating how rotation and translocation are limited by a spoon-on-spoon cooperation.

FIG. 4 is a drawing of an ADR 70, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, illustrating how a wedge or trapezoid-shaped ADR may be used according to the invention to preserve lordosis. FIG. 5 is a side-view drawing which illustrates a way in which screws 70 may be used to fix an ADR 74 according to the invention to upper and lower vertebrae 76A, 76B. In particular, a fastener 70 may be used having coarse threads 78 received by the bone, and finer threads 80 associated with actually locking the ADR into place. FIG. 6 is a drawing which shows the use of anterior flanges 82 facilitating the use of generally transverse, as opposed to diagonally oriented, screws 72.

FIG. 7A is a side-view drawing of an ADR 140 in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, featuring an optional lip 182 to prevent the trapping of soft tissue during the movement from a flexion to neutral position. FIG. 7B shows the flange device 182 of FIG. 7A in flexion. As a substitute for, or in conjunction with, peripheral flanges, check reins may be used to restrict motion. FIG. 8 is a side-view drawing showing the use of an anterior check rein 284 to prevent extension, for example. Lateral check reins may be used to prevent lateral bending, and cross-coupled check reins may be used to prevent translation. FIG. 9 depicts the use of cross-coupled check reins 384. FIG. 10 illustrates the optional use of an anterior flange 482 configured to inhibit extension.

FIG. 11A is a drawing which illustrates yet a different embodiment of the invention, including an ADR 540 having flexion and/or extension blocks 586A, 586B. Shown in FIG. 11A, endplates 546, 548, preferably metal, include respective recesses 588, 590 to receive a centralized rod 592, also preferably metallic. On either side of the rod, but between the end plates, there is disposed a more wearing bearing block of material 586 such as polyethylene, one preferably associated with flexion and an opposing block associated with extension. Holes 594 may be provided for fixation along with projections 596A, 596B for enhanced adherence. FIG. 11B is a drawing which shows the ADR device 540 of FIG. 11A in flexion, and FIG. 11C shows the ADR device 540 in extension. Note that, during flexion (FIG. 11B), a posterior gap 575 is created, whereas, in extension (FIG. 11C), an anterior gap 577 is created. In this embodiment, the degree of flexion and extension may be determined by the thickness of the flexion/extension blocks 586A, 586B, which may determined at the time of surgery. FIG. 11D is a side-view drawing of the way in which screws 572 may be used to hold the ADR device 540 of FIG. 11A in place. FIG. 11E an A-P view of the ADR 540 of FIG. 11A. Note that the screws 572 may converge or diverge, to increase resistance to pull-out.

The superior surface of the superior endplate and the inferior surface of the inferior endplate of the ADR could be convex. The convex surfaces of the ADR would fit the concavities of the endplates of the vertebrae. The endplates could be decorticated to promote bone ingrowth into the endplates of the ADR. An expandable reamer or a convex reamer could preserve or increase the concavities. The concavities have two important advantages. First, they help prevent migration of the ADR. The convexities of the ADR fit into the concavities of the vertebrae. Second, the majority of support for the ADR occurs at the periphery of the vertebral endplates. Thus, reaming away a portion of the central, concave, portion of the vertebrae promotes bone ingrowth through exposure to the cancellous interior of the vertebrae, yet preserves the stronger periphery. FIG. 12 is a side-view drawing which shows the area 625 that could be removed to customize the vertebrae 662A, 662B so as to fit an ADR (not shown) according to the invention and/or promote ingrowth.

The endplates of the ADR could be any material that promotes bone ingrowth. For example, titanium or chrome-cobalt with a porous, beaded, or plasma spray surface. The flexion and extension blocks would likely be made of polyethylene, but could also be made of other polymers, ceramic, or metal. The central rod or axle would likely made of the same metal as the endplates of the ADR, but could also be made of polyethylene or other polymer, or ceramic. A metal or ceramic rod would have better surface wear than a polyethylene rod. A limited amount of compression to axial loads could occur when a portion of the ADR endplates lie against the polyethylene blocks. A central rod is preferred over incorporating a raised rod like projection into one of the endplates. The central rod allows rotation about twice as much surface area (the superior and inferior surfaces). The increased surface area decreases the pressure on the surface during rotation about the central axle/rod. FIG. 13 shows an ADR 740, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention having rotation surfaces 788, 790. FIG. 14 is a side-view drawing of an ADR 840 which shows a partial rotation surface 892 on a first endplate 846 that is received by a concavity 890 in an opposing endplate 848. Both versions shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 are assembled within the disc space.

Alignment of the ADR is critical. If the central rod or axle is diagonal to the long axis of the vertebral endplate, the patient will bend to the left or right while bending forward. Novel (for and ADR) alignment guides are described below. Furthermore, if the axle is made of polyethylene, metallic markers will be incorporated into the ends of the axle. Surgeons can assure proper alignment by fluoroscopic images during surgery. FIG. 15A is a end-view of an ADR 940 according to the invention placed on the vertebrae 962 seen from a top-down A-P view. FIG. 15B is a drawing of the embodiment of FIG. 15A with the ADR 940 and axle 992 rotated. Should the patient have trouble bending forward, and so forth, the patient may twist at the side while bending forward, as appropriate.

FIG. 16 is a drawing which shows a removable alignment guide 1094 used for placement of the ADR 1040. FIG. 17 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a patient 1155 on an operating table 1157, showing the alignment guide 1194 in position. In particular, the alignment guide 1194 is preferably perpendicular to the table 1157, the patient 1155, and vertebrae 1162 with respect to al proper orientation. FIG. 18A is a lateral view using fluoroscopy which shows the circular cross-section of the axle 1192 when properly aligned.

The ADR endplates 1146, 1148 could be designed to locate the axle 1192 transversely in any location from anterior to posterior. The location of the axle 1192 may vary depending on the disc that will be replaced. For example, the axle may located at the junction of the anterior ⅔rd and posterior ⅓^(rd) for the L5/S1 disc (FIG. 18A) but at the anterior ½ and posterior ½ for the L3/L4 disc (FIG. 18B). Similarly, the degree of wedge shape will vary with the disc to be replaced. L5/S1 will require a more wedge shaped ADR than L3/L4. FIG. 18B is an anterior view of an ADR 1240, in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 18C is an anterior view of an ADR 1340 in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Preoperative templates will be provided to help the surgeon predict which ADR will be needed. The ADR could be inserted fully assembled or constructed in the disc space. Construction within the disc space allows the surgeon to force spikes of the ADR endplate into the vertebrae. Assembly in the disc space also allows maximum use of the vertebral concavities. The polyethylene blocks contain features to allow them to snap into place. Polyethylene trays with “snap” features are well described in the total knee replacement literature.

FIGS. 19A-19I illustrate steps associated with installing a restricted motion ADR according to the invention. In the preferred embodiment the ADR relies on bone ingrowth. Alternatively, the ADR may be cemented to the vertebrae using, for example, methyl methacrylate. Novel, safer cutting guides, and a novel distraction instruments are described. The system also provides trial implants and instruments to determine the balance and tension of the surrounding soft tissues.

As an initial step, a portion of the disc annulus and most or all of the disc nucleus are removed (not shown). As a second step, the disc space 1423 is distracted, as shown in FIG. 19A. In this case a novel implant sleeve 1425 is used to protect the end plates 1427, 1429, and an impact serial distracter 1431 is used between these sleeves 1423, 1425. FIG. 19B shows the impact distraction element 1431 in place between the end plates 1427, 1429, and FIG. 19C shows the tool 1431 being manipulated to spread the vertebrae apart 1462A, 1462B.

According to a third step, the end plates 1427, 1429 are prepared through the use of a reamer 1433 and/or circular grinder 1435 with the distraction sleeves removed, as shown in FIG. 19D. As a fourth step, the trial ADR is inserted (not shown) so as to select a proper size ADR (step 5, also not shown). Having determined the proper size, a first end plate 1446 for the final ADR is inserted as shown in FIG. 19E with a tool 1437 used to force the end plate of the ADR into the vertebrae 1462, whether upper or lower.

This section of the disclosure emphasizes methods and instruments that allow for the separate insertion of ADR EPs. Aligning the insertion of a second ADR EP relative to a first EP that enables the use of longer projections from the ADR EPs, resulting in a more controlled procedure. Referring to FIGS. 19E and 19F in particular, the upper ADR EP 1446 has been press fit into the vertebra 1462A above the disc space. A special tool 1439 fits into a portion of the ADR EP 1446 that was inserted first, thereby aligning the insertion of the second ADR EP 1448. The tool 1439 can also be used to press the second ADR EP 1448 into the vertebra. Although FIGS. 19E and 19F illustrate the use of an instrument that fits into cylinder-like concavities, the instrument could fit into other shapes in the ADR EPs, including slots and other shapes with flat sides.

In FIG. 19F, the second end plate 1448 is inserted, such that the opposing end plates 1446, 1448 are flush with one another. The tool 1439 used for this purpose forces the second plate 1448 of the ADR into the second vertebrae 1462B while simultaneously aligning the concavities 1488, 1490 to receive the axle. Alignment guides may be used in parallel/superimposed fashion to ensure that the opposing end plates 1446, 1448 are oriented properly. In addition, the enlarged ends of the distraction tool may include end features which fit into the cavities for axle, again, to ensure proper orientation. In step 8, shown in FIG. 19G, the end plates 1446, 1448 are optionally screwed into place, and a first poly block 1486A is installed posteriorly using a tool 1441 to snap the block 1486A into position. Note that the posterior poly block may also be preassembled to the inferior ADR end plate 1448, as an option.

FIG. 19H shows the step of inserting an axle 1492 between the end plates 1446, 1448. In step 10, shown in FIG. 19I, the anterior poly block 1486B is snapped in position on the other side of the installed axle 1492. The ADR 1440 could be placed into recessed areas of the vertebrae 1462A, 1462B to help hold it in place. FIG. 20 is an anterior view of the ADR 1440 installed between opposing vertebrae 1462A, 1462B also showing the relative positioning of recesses 1443, 1445 formed in the end plates 1427, 1429 of the vertebrae 1462. FIG. 21 shows the use of optional wedges or convex pieces 1547 attached to the ADR end plate 1546 so as to customize the prosthesis to a particular patient anatomy.

FIG. 22 is a drawing which shows an inventive cutting guide 1649 having a curved end 1651 to prevent a saw 1653 from cutting into the nerves 1655. FIG. 23A is a side-view drawing of a further, different embodiment of the invention including an ADR 1740 utilizing a hinged axle 1792. FIG. 23B is an end view of the ADR 1740 of FIG. 23A shown without flexion/extension blocks to better illustrate the hinged portion 1792. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An artificial disc replacement comprising: first and second endplates having vertebral bone-contacting surfaces and opposed articulating surfaces; an axle disposed between the first and second endplates and contacting at least one of the articulating surfaces; and at least one of a flexion and an extension block situated adjacent the axle for limiting flexion or extension of the first and second endplates, wherein the disc replacement includes both a flexion and an extension block, the flexion block being situated on one side of the axle, and the extension block being situated on another opposing side of the axle.
 2. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein each of the articulating surfaces includes a concave recess and the axle is disposed within the recesses.
 3. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein the flexion and extension block both have a thickness, and the degree of flexion and/or extension of the disc replacement is limited by the thicknesses.
 4. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein the bone-contacting surfaces of the first and second endplates are convex so as to conform to a concavity formed in corresponding first and second vertebral endplates.
 5. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second endplates includes a set of elongate projections inserted through a portion of the endplate and into bone, the projections being configured to converge or diverge so as to resist back-out.
 6. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein the axle is situated transversely to an anterior-posterior axis of the first and second endplates, the axle being thicker than a thickness of the flexion or extension block.
 7. The artificial disc replacement of claim 6, wherein the axle is situated at a center of the first and second endplates, taken with respect to the anterior-posterior axis, or is situated off-center.
 8. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein the first and second endplates, in combination, are wedge-shaped.
 9. The artificial disc replacement of claim 1, wherein the axle and the first and second endplates are separate components.
 10. A kit of artificial disc replacements, each disc replacement in the kit comprising: first and second endplates having vertebral bone-contacting surfaces and opposed articulating surfaces; an axle disposed between the first and second endplates and contacting at least one of the articulating surfaces; and at least one of a flexion and an extension block situated adjacent the axle for limiting flexion or extension of the first and second endplates, wherein the location of the axle along an anterior-posterior axis of the respective first and second endplates varies for at least a first and a second disc replacement in the kit.
 11. The kit of claim 10, wherein, depending on the intended placement of the disc replacement within the body of a patient, the axle of the first or second disc replacement is situated at the junction of the anterior two-thirds and posterior third of the first and second endplates, or the anterior half and posterior half of the first and second endplates.
 12. The kit of claim 11, wherein, for each disc replacement in the kit, the axle is situated transversely to the anterior-posterior axis of the first and second endplates.
 13. The kit of claim 10, wherein the first and second endplates of at least a portion of the disc replacements are, in combination, wedge-shaped, and the degree of wedge-shape varies within the portion of disc replacements.
 14. The kit of claim 12, wherein at least one of the articulating surfaces of each disc replacement includes a concave recess, and the respective axle is disposed within the recess.
 15. The kit of claim 14, wherein a portion of the disc replacements include both a flexion and an extension block, the flexion block being situated on one side of the axle, and the extension block being situated on another opposing side of the axle.
 16. The artificial disc replacement of claim 15, wherein the flexion and extension block both have a thickness, and the degree of flexion and/or extension of the respective disc replacement is limited by the thicknesses.
 17. A method of replacing an intervertebral disc comprising: removing a portion of the disc; inserting a first endplate of an artificial disc replacement against an upper vertebral bone, such that a bone-contacting surface of the first endplate engages the upper vertebral bone and a first articulating surface opposes the bone-contacting surface; inserting a second endplate of the artificial disc replacement against a lower vertebral bone, such that a bone-contacting surface of the second endplate engages the lower vertebral bone and a second articulating surface opposes the bone-contacting surface; aligning a recess formed in at least one of the first and second articulating surfaces with an axle; and situating the axle within the recess.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of installing at least one of a flexion and/or an extension block on one side of the axle to limit flexion or extension of the first and second endplates.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of installing a flexion block at one side of the axle and installing an extension block at another opposing side of the axle to limit flexion and extension of the first and second endplates.
 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising the steps of: distracting the upper and lower vertebral bones; reaming the upper and lower vertebral bones to create a concave profile; and inserting a series of trial spacers between the upper and lower vertebral bones to determine the appropriate sized artificial disc replacement to be inserted between the bones.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the bone-contacting surfaces of the first and second endplates are convex to match the concavely-reamed surfaces of the upper and lower vertebral bones.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein, prior to the distracting step, a protective sleeve is placed over the upper and lower vertebral bones.
 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the first and second articulating surfaces each include a recess, and the method further comprises the step of situating the axle within the recesses.
 24. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of utilizing a tool to align the recess with the axle. 